Lastly, we review the adverse effects of SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA and propose mitigation strategies. Although the results do not exclude the possibility that extrahypothalamic areas are also modulating the effects of GLP-1R agonists, the data indicate that long-acting GLP-1R agonists influence body weight by regulating either food intake or energy expenditure through various hypothalamic sites and that these mechanisms might be clinically relevant. The medicines often make it easier for people to follow eating recommendations because hunger drops and food feels more neutral, Arrone explained. The decreased body weight caused by the central injection of liraglutide in other hypothalamic sites was sufficiently explained by the suppression of food intake. The mechanism controlling these actions is located in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMH), and the activation of AMPK in this area is sufficient to blunt both central liraglutide-induced thermogenesis and adipocyte browning. GLP-1 is an intestinal hormone with widespread actions on metabolism.

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